@article {356,
	title = {Phylogenetic analysis of dioecy in monocotyledons},
	journal = {The American NaturalistThe American Naturalist},
	volume = {155},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {46-58},
	abstract = {Surveys of plant breeding systems in angiosperm families have shown a significant association between monoecy and dioecy, and researchers have proposed that dioecy has tended to evolve from monoecy. We evaluated this hypothesis in the context of a phylogeny of 918 monocotyledons assembled from 19 published trees. Binary and multistate breeding system characters were mapped onto a set of composite trees, and alternative models of character change were compared using maximum likelihood. Over a range of tree topologies and optimizations, we found three to eigth times as many changes from hermaphroditism to dioecy as we did from monoecy to dioecy. Also, the rate at which monoecy gave rise to dioecy was not significantly higher than the rate at which hermaphroditism gave rise to dioecy. Our analysis implies that the correlation of monoecy and dioecy in angiosperm families does not reflect a preponderance of changes from monoecy to dioecy. Instead, we postulate that the family-level correlation results from the clustering of breeding systems changes in the underlying phylogeny. Our results suggest renewed attention to modeling the transition from hermaphroditism to dioecy, possibly involving transient intermediates such as gynodioecy.},
	keywords = {breeding systems, dioecy, monocotyledons, phylogeny, parsimony, maximum likelihood},
	author = {Weiblen, George D. and Oyama, Ryan K. and Donoghue, Michael J.}
}
@article {92,
	title = {Phylogenetic patterns in Northern Hemisphere plant geography},
	journal = {Int. J. Plant Sci.Int. J. Plant Sci.},
	volume = {162},
	number = {6 Suppl.},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {S41-S52},
	abstract = {Geological and climatological processes that have impacted the biota of the Northern Hemisphere during the Tertiary are expected to yield little resolution when are cladograms are compared without taking the timing of diversification into account. In an attempt to establish a set of appropriate phylogenetic comparisons, we distinguish between a Pacific track involving (minimally) China, Japan, and eastern North America but not Europe, and an Atlantic track involving China, Europe, and eastern North America but not Japan (or, in most cases, western North America). Within the two Atlantic-track taxa considered here - Liquidambar and Cercis - European and North American species are more closely related to one another than they are to the Asian species. Within a set of five Pacific-track taxa - Hamamelis, Weigela-Diervilla, Triosteum, Buckleya, and Torreya - we see all possible relationships involving China, Japan, and eastern North America. Estimates of minimum divergence times between Old World and New World lineages, based on molecular and fossil evidence, differ markedly between the two Atlantic-track clades. Among the Pacific-track taxa, we find no correlation between pattern of area relationships and estimated divergence times of the Old World-New World disjuncts. Instead, we see a wide range in the timing of these splitting events among and within phylogenetic patterns. Despite the existence of a variety of patterns, inferred ancestral areas and divergence times can be explained by assuming initial diversificiation within Asia in a number of lineages, followed by iterative trans-Beringian dispersion and vicariance.},
	keywords = {biogeography, dispersal, vicariance, phylogeny, Northern Hemisphere, North America, Asia},
	author = {Donoghue, Michael J. and Bell, Charles D. and Li, Jianhua}
}
