02107nas a2200145   4500008004100000245012500041210006900166260002100235300001200256490000800268520159000276100002401866700002101890856005001911       2003                        eng d00aInflorescence and floral morphology in Tofieldia (Tofielidaceae) compared with Araceae, Acoraceae and Alismatales s.str.0 aInflorescence and floral morphology in Tofieldia Tofielidaceae c  cOctober 27, 2002  a255-2710 v1243 aIn recent time the taxonomic relationship of Tofieldiaceae was revised due to molecular data. Together with Araceae s.str. Tofieldiaceae was included in Alismatales. In order to establish whether morphological data agree wit molecular ones, inflorescence and flower structure of Tofieldia were studied. Alismatales s.str. and Tofieldiaceae have similarities in gynoecium and androecium structure, but these features are insufficient to confirm the placement of Tofieldiaceae into Alismatales s.l. We found additional features shared by Tofieldia and some of Alismatales s.str., Araceae and Acoraceae. In Tofieldia, as well as in species of Araceae with trimerous flowers, the outer median tepal occupies adaxial position (in  the majority of monocots its position is abaxial). Tofieldiaceae is characterised by presence of the structure, usually described as calyculus, at the pedicel. The calyculus typically consists of three free or connate scales. Calyculus of Tofieldiaceae resembles the "spathe" of Hydrocharitaceae and (pseudo)whorls of bracts in Alismataceae. However, the calyculus exhibits also important features of perianth whorl. The situation may be compared to some Alismatales where an exact "boundary" between structures of "flower" and "inflorescence" is often scarcely recognisable. A tendency to produce organs combining features of subtending bract and the first median abaxial phyllome on the pedicel is shared by Tofieldia pusilla, Acorus, Juncaginaceae, and some Potamogetonaceae. Our data support inclusion of Tofieldiaceae into the expanded order Alismatales.1 aRemizova, Margarita1 aSokoloff, Dmitry  uhttps://juncaginaceae.myspecies.info/node/29902733nas a2200157   4500008004100000245017900041210006900220300001200289490000800301520204500309653010502354100002402459700002102483700002102504856005002525       2005                        eng d00aEvolutionary transitions among flowers of perianthless Piperales: inferences from inflorescence and flower development in the anomalous species Peperomia fraseri (Piperaceae)0 aEvolutionary transitions among flowers of perianthless Piperales  a925-9430 v1663 aFloral and inflorescence structure and ontogeny are described in detail in Peperomia fraseri, an anomalous species of Piperaceae that differs in several respects from other species of Peperomia and other perianthless Piperales (Piperaceae and Saururaceae). Inflorescence structure is atypical in this species, with numerous spikes arranged spirally on a long raceme. There is a gender distribution of flowers along each spike, with the proximal (lower) part bearing bisexual flowers and the distal (upper) region bearing female flowers. Furthermore, there is a high degree of polymorphism in the structure (including presence or absence) of flower-subtending bracts in the same inflorescence. Bract suppression at the basalmost abaxial position in P. fraseri could be explained by a strong inhibitory activity of the spike-subtending bract or its primordium. Bract suppression among scattered flowers in the lower (bisexual) region is interpreted as an example of somatic instability. By contrast, more distal bract and stamen suppression seems to be part of a general tendency to flower reduction toward the spike apex in P. fraseri, where spatial constraints in the inflorescence control the size and shape of the bract and floral primordia, resulting in stamen suppression in smaller primordia. However, it is difficult to understand why an abracteate flower is formed in P. fraseri rather than a sterile bract, as in Peperomia hispidula. Furthermore, in contrast with most other Piperaceae, P. fraseri has no apical residuum on mature spikes; at least some partial inflorescences bear a terminal flowerlike structure, although this more closely resembles those of some Saururaceae than the "true" terminal flower of perianth-bearing Piperales, such as Aristolochiaceae. Peperomia fraseri and other atypical members of Piperaceae represent potentially useful models for examination of patterns of bract and stamen loss in perianthless Piperales, in which spatial constraints in the developing spike are important for floral construction.10abasal angiosperms, bract, floral evolution, ontogeny, Piperales, stamen suppression, terminal flower1 aRemizowa, Margarita1 aRudall, Paula, J1 aSokoloff, Dmitry  uhttps://juncaginaceae.myspecies.info/node/30002347nas a2200157   4500008004100000245011400041210006900155300001400224490000700238520171700245653011101962100002102073700002102094700002402115856005002139       2006                        eng d00aFlower-like terminal structures in racemose inflorescences: a tool in morphogenetic and evolutionary research0 aFlowerlike terminal structures in racemose inflorescences a tool  a3517-35300 v573 aTerminal flower-like structures (TFLS) occur in many angiosperms that possess indeterminate inflorescences such as spikes, racemes, or spadices. We describe and review TFLS in early-divergent angiosperms, especially the magnoliid order Piperales and the monocot order Alismatales, in which floral interpretation is controversial. Essentially similar TFLS occur in a wide range of taxa. Among magnoliids, they occur in some Piperales (Saururaceae and a few Piperaceae), but are absent from Chloranthaceae. Among monocots, they occur in some early-divergent families such as Acoraceae, Aponogetonaceae, Juncaginaceae, Potamogetonaceae, and Ruppiaceae. Similar TFLS with obscure organ identity are recorded in mutants of Arabidopsis. TFLS can often be interpreted as pseudanthia (close aggregations of reduced flowers), but in some cases the entire terminal pseudanthium is very similar to a true flower. In some cases, elaborated TFLS could therefore have given rise to what are normally termed ﾑtrueﾒ (i.e. euanthial) flowers. Data presented here on terminal pseudanthia in Potamogeton and Ruppia support a pseudanthial evolutionary origin of reproductive units in the alismatid families Zannichelliaceae and Cymodoceaceae. Furthermore, in some alismatid species, either the entire inflorescence apex or an individual primordium at or near the inflorescence tip can be transformed into a filamentous or tubular (or intermediate) structure. A tubular structure enclosing stamens and carpels is described in Piper. This indicates that pseudanthium formation can provoke morphological novelties, perhaps due to new patterns of overlap between expression zones of regulatory genes and/or new spatial constraints. 10aAlismatales, development, flower, inflorescence, organ identity, Piperales, pseudanthium, regulatory genes1 aSokoloff, Dmitry1 aRudall, Paula, J1 aRemizowa, Margarita  uhttps://juncaginaceae.myspecies.info/node/322