02993nas a2200133   4500008004100000245005300041210004800094300001200142490000700154520252600161653010102687100002102788856005002809       2003                        eng d00aThe radiation of the Cape Flora, southern Africa0 aradiation of the Cape Flora southern Africa  a597-6380 v783 aThe flora of the south-western tip of southern Africa, the Cape flora, with some 9000 species in an area of 90,000 km2 is much more speciose than can be expected from its area or latitude, and is comparable to that expected from the most diverse equatorial areas. The endemism of almost 70%, on the other hand, is comparable to that found on islands. This high endemism is accounted for by the ecological and geographical isolation of the Cape Floristic Region, but explanations for the high species richness are not so easily found. The high species richness is accentuated when its taxonomic distribution is investigated: almost half of the total species richness of the area is accounted for by 33 'Cape floral clades'. These are clades which may have initially diversified in the region, and of which at least half the species are still found in the Cape Floristic Region. Such a high contribution by a very small number of clades is typical of island floras, not of mainland floras. The start of the radiation of these clades has been dated by molecular clock techniques to between 18 million years ago (Mya) (Pelargonium) and 8 Mya (Phylica), but only six radiations have been dated to date. The fossil evidence for the dating of the radiation is shown to be largely speculative. The Cenozoic environmental history of southern Africa is reviewed in search of possible triggers for the radiations, climatic changes emerge as the most likely candidate. Due to a very poor fossil record, the climatic history has to be inferred from larger scale patterns, these suggest large-scale fluctuations between summer wet (Palaeocene, Early Miocene) and summer dry climates (Oligocene, Middle Miocene to present). The massive speciation in the Cape flora might be accounted for by the diverse limitations to gene flow (dissected landscapes, pollinator specialisation, long flowering times allowing much phenological specialisation), as well as a richly complex environment providing a diversity of selective forces (geographically variable climate, much altitude variation, different soil types, rocky terrain providing many micro-niches, and regular fires providing both intermediate disturbances, as well as different ways of surviving the fires). However, much of this is based on correlation, and there is a great need for (a) experimental testing of the proposed speciation mechanisms, (b) more molecular clock estimates of the age and pattern of the radiations, and (c) more fossil evidence bearing on the past climates.10asouthern Africa, palaeoclimate, endemism, speciation, species richness, macro-evolution, Neogene1 aLinder, Peter, H  uhttps://juncaginaceae.myspecies.info/node/21000578nas a2200145   4500008004100000245007700041210006900118300001400187490000700201653011200208100002100320700001800341700002300359856005000382       2003                        eng d00aContrasting patterns of radiation in African and Australian Restionaceae0 aContrasting patterns of radiation in African and Australian Rest  a2688-27020 v5710aAustralia, biogeography, Cape flora, molecular clock, nonparametric rate smoothing, radiation, Restionaceae1 aLinder, Peter, H1 aEldenäs, Pia1 aBriggs, Barbara, G  uhttps://juncaginaceae.myspecies.info/node/21100501nas a2200133   4500008004100000245004500041210004400086300001400130490000800144653012400152100002100276700002000297856005000317       2004                        eng d00aEvolution of the species-rich Cape flora0 aEvolution of the speciesrich Cape flora  a1623-16320 v35910aCape Flora, evolutionary radiation, diversification rate, molecular clocks, Restionaceae, non-parametric rate smoothing1 aLinder, Peter, H1 aHardy, Chris, R  uhttps://juncaginaceae.myspecies.info/node/21201868nas a2200169   4500008004100000245006900041210006300110300001200173490000800185520126600193653010601459100001901565700002001584700002301604700002101627856005001648       2007                        eng d00aThe Cape element in the Afrotemperate flora: from Cape to Cairo?0 aCape element in the Afrotemperate flora from Cape to Cairo  a535-5430 v2743 aThe build-up of biodiversity is the result of immigration and in situ speciation. We investigate these two processes for four lineages (Disa, Irideae p.p. the Pentaschistis clade and Restionaceae) that are widespread in the Afrotemperate flora. These four lineages may be representative of the numerous clades which are species rich in the Cape and also occur in the highlands of tropical Africa. It is as yet unclear in which direction the lineages spread. Three hypotheses have been proposed: (i) a tropical origin with a southward migration towards the Cape, (ii) a Cape origin with a northward migration into tropical Africa, and (iii) vicariance. None of these hypotheses has been thoroughly tested. We reconstruct the historical biogeography of the four lineages using likelihood optimization onto molecular phylogenies. We find that tropical taxa are nested within a predominantly Cape clade. There is unidirectional migration from the Cape into the Drakensberg and from there northwards into tropical Africa. The amount of in situ diversification differs between areas and clades. Dating estimates show that the migration into tropical East Africa has occurred in the last 17Myr, consistent with the Mio-Pliocene formation of the mountains in this area.10ahistorical biogeography, ancestral character reconstruction, phytogeography, molecular dating, Africa1 aGalley, Chloé1 aBytebier, Benny1 aBellstedt, Dirk, U1 aLinder, Peter, H  uhttps://juncaginaceae.myspecies.info/node/11502713nas a2200145   4500008004100000245006000041210005900101300001200160490000700172520221000179653009302389100001402482700002102496856005002517       2006                        eng d00aGeographical affinities of the Cape flora, South Africa0 aGeographical affinities of the Cape flora South Africa  a236-2500 v333 aAim: The flora characteristic of the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) is dominated by a relatively small number of clades that have been proposed as 'Cape clades'. These clades have variously been suggested to have African or Austral affinities. Here we evaluate the support for these conflicting hypotheses. In addition, we test the hypothesis that these clades share a common time of differentiation from their geographical neighbours.Location: The Cape Floristic Region, South AfricaMethods: We use both published and unpublished phylogenetic information to investigate the geographical sister areas of the Cape clades as well as the timing and the direction of biogeographical disjunctions.Results: Almost half of the Cape clades for which unambiguous sister areas could be established show a trans-Indian Ocean disjunction. The earliest trans-Indian Ocean disjunction dates from 80 Ma. Other disjunctions date from various times in the Cenozoic, and we suggest that the process of recruiting lineages into the Cape flora might be ongoing. Relatively few Cape clades show a sister relationship with South America and tropical Africa, despite their relative geographical proximity. Numerous Cape clades contain species also found on tropical African mountains; in all cases tested, these species are shown to be embedded within the Cape clades. While many Cape clades show a relationship with the Eurasian temperate flora, this is complicated by their presence in tropical Africa. The single case study addressing this to date suggests that the Cape clade is nested within a European grade.Main conclusions: Although many Cape clades show Austral rather than African relationships, there are numerous other patterns suggestive of a cosmopolitan flora. This spatial variation is echoed in the temporal data, from which, although there is wide variance around the dates of disjunctions, it is clear the Cape flora has been assembled over a long time period. There is no simple hypothesis that can account for the geographical sources of the currently distinctive Cape flora. The phylogenetic positions of Afromontane members of Cape clades suggest a history of dispersal from the CFR, rather than the reverse.10aAfrica, biogeography, Cape flora, disjunct distribution, dispersal, Gondwana, vicariance1 aGalley, C1 aLinder, Peter, H  uhttps://juncaginaceae.myspecies.info/node/116