01980nas a2200205 4500008004100000245010600041210006900147300001000216490000800226520135500234653001401589653001901603653002301622653001301645653001501658653001401673100001801687700002201705856004701727 2000 eng d00aFloral structure and development of Acoraceae and its systematic relationships with basal angiosperms0 aFloral structure and development of Acoraceae and its systematic a23-410 v1613 a

Flower development and anatomy of Acorus calamus and flower anatomy of A. gramineus were studied. Findings were compared with published reports on paleoherbs. Important developmental features include an abaxially median tepal that is initiated first and is similar to a flower-subtending bract and unidirectional flower development with an inversion of organ initiation sequence in the second tepal whorl. The mature gynoecium is largely synascidiate, but early development of carpels is plicate, and the apocarpous portion persists up to anthesis. The carpels form dorsal bulges on the style, enclosing longitudinal intercarpellary slits. The dominance of the synascidiate portion and the apical position of the placenta result from a late and distinct basal elongation of the gynoecium. Stigma, pollen transmitting tract, and ovary are filled with secretion. Secretory papillae are present from the stigma to the placenta; papillae also occur on the rims of the integuments of the ovules. In the uppermost part of the inflorescence, the adaxial floral sectors are reduced in number and structure, and at the apex of the inflorescence, a peloria-like structure is formed. Developmental and morphological similarities seem to be closer between Acorus and Piperales than between Acorus and other magnoliids.

10aAcoraceae10acomplex organs10aflower development10amonocots10apaleoherbs10aPiperales1 aBuzgo, Matyas1 aEndress, Peter, K uhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/31424102748nas a2200313 4500008004100000245008200041210006900123300001200192490000700204520181600211653001302027653002202040653001902062653002802081653001802109653001802127653001302145653001902158653001502177100001802192700002302210700002202233700001702255700001302272700002302285700002202308700001702330856008702347 2006 eng d00aPerianth development in the basal monocot Triglochin maritima (Juncaginaceae)0 aPerianth development in the basal monocot Triglochin maritima Ju a107-1250 v223 a

Basal monocots exhibit considerable variation in inflorescence and floral structure. In some cases, such as Triglochin maritima, it is not clear whether the lateral and terminal structures of the inflorescence are flowers or pseudanthia, or where the limits between flowers and inflorescence lie. To address these questions, morphological studies were carried out, and the results show that in T. maritima both terminal and lateral structures are flowers, not pseudanthia. The terminal flower of T. maritima develops from the apical inflorescence meristem, suggesting that the apical meristem identity changes from ‘‘inflorescence’’ to ‘‘flower’’ during inflorescence development. In addition, distal flowers of T. maritima are reduced, and there is no distinct flower-subtending bract; instead, the perianth develops unidirectionally, resulting in an abaxial-median bract-like tepal and bilaterally symmetrical flowers, similar to those of other basal monocots, such as Aponogeton and Acorus. It is possible that the leaf primordium changes its positional homology from ‘‘flower-subtending bract’’ to ‘‘tepal.’’ Therefore, in some basal angiosperms with abbreviated development of lateral flowers the demarcation of the flower vs. the inflorescence is ontogenetically ambiguous. In situ hybridization experiments show that a putative ortholog of the B-class gene APETALA3 / DEFICIENS is expressed in developing stamens and carpels, and may also be expressed in the shoot axis of the very young inflorescence. This expression pattern seems to be consistent with the gradual transition between inflorescence and flower that was observed morphologically.

10aAPETALA310abasal angiosperms10afading borders10agene expression pattern10aJuncaginaceae10aMADS-box gene10amonocots10aorgan identity10aTriglochin1 aBuzgo, Matyas1 aSoltis, Douglas, E1 aSoltis, Pamela, S1 aKim, Sangtae1 aMa, Hong1 aHauser, Bernard, A1 aLeebens-Mack, Jim1 aJohansen, Bo uhttp://curis.ku.dk/ws/files/13860089/PERIANTH_DEVELOPMENT_IN_THE_BASAL_MONOCOT.pdf00415nas a2200133 4500008004100000245005800041210005800099300001400157490000700171653002400178653001300202100001700215856004900232 2000 eng d00aEarly Cretaceous lineages of monocot flowering plants0 aEarly Cretaceous lineages of monocot flowering plants a4707-47110 v9710aCretaceous, fossils10amonocots1 aBremer, Kare uhttps://juncaginaceae.myspecies.info/node/31